Римский Колизей — символ величия «вечного города»
Колизей — один из самых монументальных памятников римской эпохи — является символом Италии в той же степени, как Эйфелева башня для Франции или Кремль для России. Название «Колизей» памятник получил в Средние века от искаженного латинского слова «сolosseum» (колоссальный), а в Имперском Риме его называли амфитеатром Флавиев — в честь императорской династии. Римский Колизей ИталияАмфитеатр был построен за 8 лет — строительство начал император Веспасиан в 72 году и завершил в 80 году его сын Тит. Открытие Колизея ознаменовалось 100-дневными увеселительными мероприятиями. За это время в гладиаторских турнирах погибло несколько тысяч воинов и 5 тысяч хищных зверей, привезенных из Африки. Арена театра имела раздвижной пол, который поднимался и опускался, а с помощью водопровода, подведенного к Колизею, сцену заполняли водой и устраивали морские сражения. На арене могли одновременно сражаться до 3000 гладиаторов, а 50 тысяч зрителей, неистово требующих «хлеба и зрелищ», напряжённо следили за кровавыми битвами, гонками на колесницах и театральными представлениями.
По размаху торжеств, посвящённых открытию Колизея, мог сравниться лишь кроваво отпразднованный 1000-летний юбилей Рима в 248 году, когда всего за 3 дня были убиты десятки львов, тигров, леопардов, слонов, жирафов, лошадей, ослов и гиен. 1000-летний юбилей «вечного города» стал последним днём жизни для 2000 гладиаторов. Гладиаторские битвы и звериные травли продолжали происходить на арене Колизея до IV века. Однажды в разгар одного из сражений монах Телемах ринулся на сцену Колизея и начал разнимать гладиаторов. Возмущённая публика забила насмерть камнями ни в чём неповинного старика, и это убийство так потрясло императора Гонория, что он запретил кровавые забавы как противоречащие духу христианства. Гладиаторские игры пришли в упадок ещё и потому, что для Рима наступили сложные времена, город постоянно подвергался набегам вандалов.
Архитектура Колизея
Как и другие римские амфитеатры, Колизей имеет форму эллипса, в центре которого находится арена. Вокруг арены расположены в 4 яруса постепенно повышающиеся места для зрителей. Римский Колизей в РимеМеста распределялись в зависимости от социального статуса присутствующих: на 1-ом ярусе размещались ложи для высшей знати, а 2-ом — мраморные кресла для почётных гостей, и лиц, принадлежащих к сословию всадников или имеющих права римского гражданства, на 3-ем — деревянные скамьи для простолюдинов. На 4-ом этаже с помощью канатов прикреплялся огромный льняной холст, создающий тень над ареной в знойные дни. Благодаря проходам, обустроенным по всему периметру амфитеатра, публика могла быстро, всего за 15 минут занять пронумерованные места. Под ареной Колизея находились подземные переходы, клетки с оленями, медведями и львами, а также сложные подъёмные механизмы, позволяющие в считанные минуты доставить гладиаторов и зверей наверх и возвести пышные декорации. С наружной стороны Колизей представляет собой четырёхъярусное строение. Первые три этажа образованы аркадами по 80 арок, а последний выстроен в виде высокой сплошной стены с небольшими прямоугольными окнами. Арочные проёмы богато декорированы приставными полуколоннами с антаблементами, выполненными в тосканской, ионической и коринфской художественной обработке. Стены Колизея воздвигнуты из крупных блоков травертина, скреплённых между собой стальными скобами общим весом примерно 300 тонн. До наших дней уцелели лишь несущие конструкции Колизея, а статуи и лепнина, украшавшие арки, либо разгромлены варварскими племенами, либо разрушены временем.
Римский Колизей — исполин из прошлого
В 476 году Римская империя пала, но Колизей и в XXI веке величественно возвышается между холмами Рима, на том месте, где когда-то был пруд, относящийся к «Золотому дому» Нерона. Кстати, по одной из версий, название «Колизей» произошло от огромной бронзовой статуи Колосс Нерона высотой в 30 м, стоявшей поблизости. Несмотря на то, что в Средние века Колизей утратил более 2/3 своей первоначальной массы из-за землетрясений и строителей, растаскавших его на камни, сооружение по-прежнему внушает восхищение своей грандиозностью. В 2007 году Колизей вошёл в список «Новых семи чудес света».
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The Roman Colosseum — a greatness symbol of "the eternal city" the Colosseum — one of the most monumental monuments of the Roman era — is a symbol of Italy in the same degree, as the Eiffel Tower for France or the Kremlin for Russia. The monument received the name "Colosseum" in the Middle Ages from the distorted Latin word "colosseum" (enormous), and in Imperial Rome it called an amphitheater Flaviyev — in honor of an imperial dynasty. The Roman Colosseum Italiyaamfiteatr was constructed in 8 years — construction there began the emperor Vespasian in the 72nd year and the son Titus finished in the 80th year it. Opening of the Colosseum was marked by 100-day pleasure actions. During this time in gladiatorial tournaments some thousands of soldiers and 5 thousand wild animals brought from Africa were lost. The arena of theater had a sliding floor which rose and fell, and by means of the water supply system brought to the Colosseum, a scene filled with water and arranged sea battles. On the arena could battle at the same time to 3000 gladiators, and 50 thousand audience who is violently demanding "some bread and shows", tensely watched bloody fights, races on chariots and theatrical performances. On scope of the celebrations devoted to opening of the Colosseum it could be compared only кроваво the celebrated 1000-year anniversary of Rome in 248 when in only 3 days tens lions, tigers, leopards, elephants, giraffes, horses, donkeys and hyenas were killed. 1000-year anniversary of "the eternal city" became the last day of life for 2000 gladiators. Gladiatorial fights and animal persecution continued to happen on the arena of the Colosseum till the IV century. Once at the height of one of battles the monk Telemakh rushed to a scene of the Colosseum and started separating gladiators. The indignant public killed to death with stones into anything not guilty old man, and this murder so shook the emperor Gonoriya that he forbade bloody entertainments as the Christianities contradicting spirit. Gladiatorial games fell into decay also because for Rome there came hard times, the city constantly was exposed to attacks of vandals. The architecture of the Colosseum As well as other Roman amphitheaters, the Colosseum has an ellipse form in which center there is an arena. Round the arena gradually raising places for the audience are located in 4 circles. The Roman Colosseum in Rimemest were distributed depending on the social status of attendees: on the 1st circle boxes for the highest nobility, and the 2nd — marble chairs for guests of honor, and persons which are belonging to estate of riders or having the rights of the Roman nationality on the 3rd — wooden benches for commoners were placed. On the 4th floor by means of ropes the huge linen canvas creating a shadow over the arena in hot days was attached. Thanks to the passes equipped on all perimeter of an amphitheater, the public could quickly, in only 15 minutes to take the numbered places. Under the arena of the Colosseum there were subways, cages with deer, bears and lions, and also the difficult lifting mechanisms allowing to bring in a few minutes gladiators and animals upward and build magnificent scenery. From the outer side the Colosseum represents a four-level structure. The first three floors are formed by arcades on 80 arches, and the last is built in the form of a high solid wall with small rectangular windows. Arch apertures are richly decorated by added semi-columns with the entablatures executed in Tuscan, Ionic and Corinthian art processing. Walls of the Colosseum are erected from the large blocks of travertine fastened among themselves with steel brackets with a gross weight about 300 tons. Up to now only the bearing Colosseum designs, and statues and a stucco molding decorating arches escaped or are crushed by barbarous tribes, or destroyed by time. The Roman Colosseum — the giant from the past to B 476 year the Roman Empire fell, but the Colosseum and in the XXI century majestically towers between hills of Rome, on that place where once there was a pond relating to "The gold house" of Neron. By the way, on one of versions, the name "Colosseum" came from the huge bronze statue Neron 30 m high Colossus standing nearby. In spite of the fact that in the Middle Ages the Colosseum lost more than 2/3 initial weights because of earthquakes and the builders who took away it on stones, the construction still inspires admiration of the grandness. In 2007 the Colosseum was included into the list "New seven wonders of the world".
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The Roman Colosseum — a greatness symbol of "the eternal city" the Colosseum — one of the most monumental monuments of the Roman era — is a symbol of Italy in the same degree, as the Eiffel Tower for France or the Kremlin for Russia. The monument received the name "Colosseum" in the Middle Ages from the distorted Latin word "colosseum" (enormous), and in Imperial Rome it called an amphitheater Flaviyev — in honor of an imperial dynasty. The Roman Colosseum Italiyaamfiteatr was constructed in 8 years — construction there began the emperor Vespasian in the 72nd year and the son Titus finished in the 80th year it. Opening of the Colosseum was marked by 100-day pleasure actions. During this time in gladiatorial tournaments some thousands of soldiers and 5 thousand wild animals brought from Africa were lost. The arena of theater had a sliding floor which rose and fell, and by means of the water supply system brought to the Colosseum, a scene filled with water and arranged sea battles. On the arena could battle at the same time to 3000 gladiators, and 50 thousand audience who is violently demanding "some bread and shows", tensely watched bloody fights, races on chariots and theatrical performances. On scope of the celebrations devoted to opening of the Colosseum it could be compared only кроваво the celebrated 1000-year anniversary of Rome in 248 when in only 3 days tens lions, tigers, leopards, elephants, giraffes, horses, donkeys and hyenas were killed. 1000-year anniversary of "the eternal city" became the last day of life for 2000 gladiators. Gladiatorial fights and animal persecution continued to happen on the arena of the Colosseum till the IV century. Once at the height of one of battles the monk Telemakh rushed to a scene of the Colosseum and started separating gladiators. The indignant public killed to death with stones into anything not guilty old man, and this murder so shook the emperor Gonoriya that he forbade bloody entertainments as the Christianities contradicting spirit. Gladiatorial games fell into decay also because for Rome there came hard times, the city constantly was exposed to attacks of vandals. The architecture of the Colosseum As well as other Roman amphitheaters, the Colosseum has an ellipse form in which center there is an arena. Round the arena gradually raising places for the audience are located in 4 circles. The Roman Colosseum in Rimemest were distributed depending on the social status of attendees: on the 1st circle boxes for the highest nobility, and the 2nd — marble chairs for guests of honor, and persons which are belonging to estate of riders or having the rights of the Roman nationality on the 3rd — wooden benches for commoners were placed. On the 4th floor by means of ropes the huge linen canvas creating a shadow over the arena in hot days was attached. Thanks to the passes equipped on all perimeter of an amphitheater, the public could quickly, in only 15 minutes to take the numbered places. Under the arena of the Colosseum there were subways, cages with deer, bears and lions, and also the difficult lifting mechanisms allowing to bring in a few minutes gladiators and animals upward and build magnificent scenery. From the outer side the Colosseum represents a four-level structure. The first three floors are formed by arcades on 80 arches, and the last is built in the form of a high solid wall with small rectangular windows. Arch apertures are richly decorated by added semi-columns with the entablatures executed in Tuscan, Ionic and Corinthian art processing. Walls of the Colosseum are erected from the large blocks of travertine fastened among themselves with steel brackets with a gross weight about 300 tons. Up to now only the bearing Colosseum designs, and statues and a stucco molding decorating arches escaped or are crushed by barbarous tribes, or destroyed by time. The Roman Colosseum — the giant from the past to B 476 year the Roman Empire fell, but the Colosseum and in the XXI century majestically towers between hills of Rome, on that place where once there was a pond relating to "The gold house" of Neron. By the way, on one of versions, the name "Colosseum" came from the huge bronze statue Neron 30 m high Colossus standing nearby. In spite of the fact that in the Middle Ages the Colosseum lost more than 2/3 initial weights because of earthquakes and the builders who took away it on stones, the construction still inspires admiration of the grandness. In 2007 the Colosseum was included into the list "New seven wonders of the world".
